# Makepp Incompatibilities

Incompatibilities between makepp and GNU make

- Forcing more POSIX or GNU make compatibility
  - Compatibility via the option: `--build-check=target_newer`
  - Compatibility via the option: `--dont-build=config.status`
  - Compatibility via the option: `--last-chance-rules`
  - Compatibility via the option: `--no-warn`
  - Compatibility via the option: `--hybrid-recursive-make`
  - Compatibility via the option: `--traditional-recursive-make`
  - Compatibility without the option: `--jobs=n`
  - Compatibility via the variable: `makepp_simple_concatenation=1`
  - Workaround option `--no-remake-makefiles`
  - Compatibility via the variable: `makepp_percent_subdirs=1`
  - Compatibility via the environment variable: `$MAKEPP_IGNORE_OPTS`
- Incompatibilities that require Makefile changes
  - Incompatibilities in order of expression expansion
  - `$(MAKE)` may include spaces
  - Target-specific assignments don't propagate
  - Parentheses or braces don't nest
  - Minor points
- Command line incompatibilities
- Variable incompatibilities

Makepp was designed to be as close as possible to GNU make (http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html). GNU autotools (http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/manual/automake.html), CMake (http://www.cmake.org/), Premake (http://industriousone.com/premake and see remark below) or handcrafted legacy build systems should be buildable with makepp. This is so you can either migrate projects effortlessly. Or if you don't want to enjoy all of makepp's advantages (e.g. so others can still build your project with GNU make) while you profit from the reliability advantage for your development.

However, because of the difference in philosophy, some of GNU make's or POSIX make's (http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/make.html) features cannot be supported. A few have not been implemented because we haven't had time. Most of the differences from GNU make are quite technical and only rarely cause problems. Alas the workarounds for the short-comings of traditional make are becoming more and more complex, and are giving makepp a hard time.

In a nutshell, if it doesn't build out of the box, try:

    makepp --no-warn makepp_simple_concatenation=1 makepp_percent_subdirs=1 \
        --build-check=target_newer --last-chance-rules --no-remake-makefiles

If that succeeds, you can try to eliminate those arguments one by one. But if that fails, try adding:

        --traditional-recursive-make

If that also fails, the build system needs some tweaking to cooperate with makepp. Even if some options described here make something buildable, it is still recommended to adapt things slightly, so they become compatible out of the box with both makes.

# Forcing more POSIX or GNU make compatibility

Here are some command line possibilities for getting many legacy build systems to work without modification. They cause makepp to emulate GNU make's behavior precisely.

## Compatibility via the option: `--build-check=target_newer`

By default, makepp will attempt to rebuild all targets if any of the dependencies have changed since the last build, or if the command has changed (see the makepp_build_check manpage for details). This is normally what you want. Sometimes, however, you don't want the target to be rebuilt if it has been modified apart from the control of makepp (e.g., by editing it, or by running a program manually to make the file). You can force makepp to use the traditional make algorithm, which only rebuilds if any of the targets are newer than the dependencies, by adding this option to the command line.

## Compatibility via the option: `--dont-build=config.status`

There are packages which try to autoconfigure themselves, or do other things, which gmake ignores unless being asked to, like:

    config.status : configure
        ./config.status --recheck
    configure : configure.in aclocal.m4
        autoconf

Most people don't even have `autoconf` installed, so conscientiously doing everything by the rules, as makepp does, will fail. This option prevents that, if you figure out what not to build.

## Compatibility via the option: `--last-chance-rules`

Default rules (pattern rules with no pattern dependencies) are not normally supported. Makepp instantiates all rules based on the existing files, so that it is aware of every file that could be generated. Alas this way it does not know how to instantiate a pattern rule with no pattern dependency. The :last_chance mechanism partially remedies that. Where this is good enough for legacy makefiles, this option allows turning it on globally.

## Compatibility via the option: `--no-warn`

This one doesn't improve the result. Makepp will give warning messages for many things which the traditional Unix make accepts without flinching. This is because there are better ways to do them with makepp. If these warnings annoy you, you can turn them off with this option.

## Compatibility via the option: `--hybrid-recursive-make`

Recursive invocations of make are often considered to be an unsafe practice (see Better system for hierarchical builds in the makepp manpage for details), but they are extremely common in existing makefiles. Makepp supports recursive make for backward compatibility; for new makefiles, it is much better to use the `load_makefile` statement, or makepp's implicit makefile loading mechanism.

In order to be able to use repositories for variant builds, and to help make recursive invocations of make safer, makepp normally does not actually invoke itself recursively even if you tell it to. Instead, a subprocess communicates with the parent process, and the actual build is done by the parent process.

This works in most cases, but you may not invoke several makefiles from the same directory, e.g., the following will not work:

    target: dependencies
        $(MAKE) -f other_makefile targets

In this case makepp notices it is loading a 2nd makefile and complains. With this option instead it will fall back to the traditional way of building from additional makefiles in a separate makepp process each.

Note: Technically loading several makefiles would be no problem, but they usually have the same phony target names. Keeping that apart would mean a complete redesign of makepp internals. However, this will work, but it is not equivalent:

    target: dependencies
        cd subdir && $(MAKE) -f other_makefile targets

## Compatibility via the option: `--traditional-recursive-make`

Sometimes the previous option is not enough, especially if the recursive invocations use contradictory options. Makepp uses only one set of global options, so a submake is not allowed to modify them, as that would also pertain to other makefiles.

Adding this option to the command line, has the following undesirable side effects:

- Recursive makes do not internally execute in parallel, even if the parent does. Unlike gmake there is no overall coordination of the number of processes. This will not be implemented because this way of working is not a design goal of makepp.

- Recursive make processes do not know anything about repositories.

- Each recursive make process produces its own log file, in the directory it is invoked in, instead of producing one log file for the entire build.

- Since makepp usually builds more than traditional make deems necessary, and since many build systems provide recursive calls in all directions, this may lead to endless recursion. Makepp will pull the brake after 50 rounds and tell you how to increase that, in case you really have such deep nesting.

Even with the `--traditional-recursive-make` option, the environment variables `MAKEOVERRIDES` and `MFLAGS` are not set up, and ignored, so makefiles that depend on those will not work.

A Premake generated Makefile is only a funny wrapper to a sub-make invocation in the same directory. If you have some project target XYZ it will have a line like

        @${MAKE} --no-print-directory -C . -f XYZ.make

In this case you can avoid the `--traditional-recursive-make` option by directly invoking makepp with that `-f XYZ.make` option.

## Compatibility without the option: `--jobs=n`

Legacy makefiles will sometimes not list all dependencies, relying on the order of execution to make them in time. In this situation makepp may manage to call a rule before its dependencies have all been made. Then results may be better with less, or even no parallel execution.

## Compatibility via the variable: `makepp_simple_concatenation=1`

Rc-style substitution is the default way makepp performs variable substitution into text strings because it very rarely breaks legacy makefiles and is often useful in new makefiles. However, it does introduce occasional incompatibilities in the substitution of variables not surrounded by spaces. For example,

    INCLUDE_PREFIX := -I/some/include/dir -I
    INCLUDES := $(INCLUDE_PREFIX)/other/include/dir

will set `INCLUDES` to `-I/some/include/dir/other/include/dir -I/other/include/dir` if rc-style substitution is enabled, whereas GNU make would set it to `-I/some/include/dir -I/other/include/dir`. E.g., when compiling Redis 2.6.5 it tries to run `printfgcc`. Such a funny concatenation of two commands is a strong indication that this variable is needed to fall back to make semantics.

There is also an incompatibility in the handling of whitespace in a variable:

    null :=
    T := -o $(null)             # T contains -o followed by one space.
    OUTFILE = $(T)outfile

will set `OUTFILE` to `-ooutfile` if rc-style substitution is enabled, whereas GNU make would set it to `-o outfile`.

Both of these incompatibilities are removed by setting the `makepp_simple_concatenation` variable. Note, however, that even with `makepp_simple_concatenation`, makepp still treats whitespace incompatibly in some situations:

    T := -o # Don't delete this comment.

GNU make sets `T` to contain `-o` followed by a space, whereas makepp strips out the trailing space anyway. If you want the trailing space, you must set `makepp_simple_concatenation` and also set `T` using the technique involving a dummy variable such as `null`, as shown above.

## Workaround option `--no-remake-makefiles`

Typical open source requires calling `configure` to create the makefiles. But then these makefiles can contain rules to remake the makefile, by calling some command. Makepp will happily comply and update it according to the rule. But sometimes this is harmful, so just skip it.

## Compatibility via the variable: `makepp_percent_subdirs=1`

By default, `%` in a pattern rule does not match directories. This means that a rule like this:

    %.o: %.c
        $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $(input) -o $(output)

will not be applied to files like `../shared/xyz.c`. If you want it to match files in subdirectories too, then set the variable `makepp_percent_subdirs=1` on the command line or near the beginning of a makefile.

## Compatibility via the environment variable: `$MAKEPP_IGNORE_OPTS`

Sometimes legacy recursive invocations pass options that makepp doesn't understand. Hopefully the option is not important, but it prevents makepp from running. With this environment variable you can ask makepp to silently ignore certain options. The value shall be a space separated list of options, which can come in 4 variants:

--long=x

  A long option that expects an argument. This fact must be declared through the equals sign, though the actual use may also separated by whitespace, either `--long=bla` or `--long bla`.

--long

  A long option without an argument.

-sx

  A short option that expects an argument. This fact must be declared by adding something directly after the option, though the actual use may also separated by whitespace, either `-sbla` or `-s bla`.

-s

  A short option without an argument.

E.g. override makepp's -R option by one without an argument and accept gmake's debug option with an argument:

    export MAKEPP_IGNORE_OPTS='-R --debug=x'

# Incompatibilities that require Makefile changes

- Makefiles that explicitly call make prevent makepp from building everything itself. Alas Perl's own `ExtUtils::MakeMaker` commits the second of the following two forms of this mistake up to version 6.56 (Perl 5.12.1):

      subdir:
          cd subdir; make
      MAKE = make

- Setting the `VPATH` variable to some value implicitly calls `vpath % value`. `vpath` statements are emulated with the repository mechanism. So, where gmake substitutes the path to the file found in the vpath, makepp will instead link it symbolically to where it is needed. Thus makepp will provide an unmodified string, which is usually not a problem.

  Targets in a vpath are not supported. (Gmake considers them if they are newer than their dependencies, but if not, the target will be recreated in the current directory — rather inconsistent.) Unsetting vpaths is not supported.

- A pattern rule present later in a makefile overrides one that is present earlier. This is backwards from GNU make.

- The set of builtin implicit rules is somewhat different from those for GNU make, though the variable names are largely compatible. The builtin rules should successfully compile C/C++/Fortran programs, and in fact may be able to guess the proper libraries in some cases too. Support for Modula-2 and RatFor and other rare languages is deliberately not present, because I kept running into problems with GNU make's rules when I accidentally reused the extensions for those languages.

- An action prefix of `+` is silently ignored.

- Archive members are not supported, and neither are the associated automatic variables `$%`, `$(%D)`, and `$(%F)`.

- There is no SCCS support.

- Leading and trailing whitespace in variable assignments is ignored (even if the whitespace is followed by a comment). For more details on whitespace handling incompatibilities, see Whitespace in variables in the makepp_variables manpage.

- Makepp does not attempt to rebuild files included with the `include` statement unless the makefile contains a rule for building them before the include statement is seen. (It will attempt to rebuild the makefile itself, however.) This is normally used for handling include file dependencies, and is not as useful with makepp since you don't need to do that anyway.

- The `SHELL` variable is currently partially ignored. Makepp always uses /bin/sh unless /usr/xpg4/bin/sh or /sbin/xpg4/sh is found or unless you export the `SHELL` variable in your makefile. But if you do, the command parser might not fully understand what your shell command does. On Windows Strawberry or ActiveState Perl you must instead set your SHELL variable before calling makepp.

- Dependencies of anything on the Makefile still work, but are usually unnecessary. This is usually used to force a rebuild when compilation options change. Makepp knows when build commands have changed without anything special in the makefile; it stores this on a file-by-file basis. If you change the makefile, it knows exactly which files need recompilation.

- Intermediate files are not deleted. (Because makepp insists on having all of the file dates be the same as they were on the last build, intermediate files must all be present or else rebuilds will occur.) There is no special status accorded to intermediate files.

- The only special target that is supported is `.PHONY` and partially `.SUFFIXES`. The remaining are simply ingored.

  Specifically, GNU make has the following special targets:

  .SUFFIXES

    Makepp ignores `.SUFFIXES` except for the special case of `.SUFFIXES` with no dependencies, like this:

        .SUFFIXES:

    which tells it not to load any of its default rules.

  .INTERMEDIATE, .SECONDARY, .PRECIOUS

    No special status is accorded to intermediate files and so these targets are not meaningful.

  .IGNORE

    This target is ignored. If you want to ignore errors, put the word `ignore_error` (or a minus sign) in front of the command whose exit status is to be ignored.

  .SILENT

    This target is ignored. If you want commands not to echo, put the word `noecho` (or the `@` character) in front of the command which is not supposed to be echoed, or use the `--silent` option to makepp.

  .DELETE_ON_ERROR
  .EXPORT_ALL_VARIABLES
  .NOEXPORT
  .POSIX
  .DEFAULT

    These targets are not supported and are simply ignored.

- The GNU make functions `eval`, `flavor` and `value` are not currently supported. You can achieve the same thing as eval in a more straight-forward way with `$[...]` variable or function expansion.

- Double colon rules are not fully supported. (They cannot be: in makepp's paradigm, there cannot be more than one way to update a target.) Currently, each successive double colon rule for a given target simply appends its command string and dependency list to the command string and dependency list for this target. For example, if you write this:

      a :: b
          &cat b -o a
      # Later in your makefile:
      a :: c
          &cat c -o >>a

  it is exactly the same as if you had written

      a : b c
          &cat b -o a
          &cat c -o >>a

  This is certainly not what double colon rules are intended for, and it will not always work, but it does work for targets like `clean` or for all the stuff that ExtUtils::MakeMaker puts into its makefiles. Don't count on it for anything other than legacy makefiles.

- The `$(wildcard )` function matches not only files which exist, but also files which do not yet exist, but which have a rule which makepp has seen at the time the `$(wildcard )` function is evaluated.

- The `define` statement is supported, but handling of `@` preceding it is done differently. Currently in makepp, `@` in front of a variable which has a multi-line value will only suppress echoing of the first line. For example,

      define echo-lines
      &echo line1 -o $@
      &echo line2 -o>>$@
      endef
      x:
          @$(echo-lines)

  will not suppress printing of `&echo line2` as it does in GNU make; it will only suppress printing of `&echo line1`.

- Makepp does not support the following environment variables (it does not set them up, and it just ignores them):

  MAKEOVERRIDES
  MFLAGS

## Incompatibilities in order of expression expansion

- In makepp, rule actions are expanded before all of the dependencies are guaranteed to have been built. You can work around this by changing rules such as this:

      foo: bar
          genfoo < $(shell cat bar)

  to this:

      foo: bar
          genfoo < `cat bar`

  or this, which will make the file during the expansion:

      foo: bar
          genfoo < $(&cat $(make bar))

  This is preferable here, because the file listed in bar is also a dependency of this rule, and makepp can now catch it when lexically analyzing the redirection.

- Though I have not seen this used, GNU make allows the following:

      colon = :
      a$(colon) b
          echo $^

  Makepp expands `$(colon)` too late for this to work. However it offers the alternative `$[colon]` syntax, which can do much more than GNU make, because it is expanded very early.

## `$(MAKE)` may include spaces

In an uninstalled makepp or if the platform doesn't seem to support starting a Perl script by magic number or with `--traditional-recursive-make` this variable will include at least one space. That is not a problem when using it as a command. But when passing it as an unquoted parameter to a script (as the Perl 5.14.0 build system does), it will tear it apart into separate parameters, leading to confusion. So as a parameter it is safer to quote it as `'$(MAKE)'`. which doesn't break backward compatibility.

## Target-specific assignments don't propagate

Makepp's target-specific variables are slightly different from GNU make's in that they only apply to the rule for the one file mentioned, and not to any of its predecessors; see Target-specific assignments.

## Parentheses or braces don't nest

Makepp ends expressions at the first matching parenthesis or brace. Instead of this

    $(somefunction ... ( ) ...) # GNU make style

you must use either of these

    ${somefunction ... ( ) ...} # GNU make compatible
    $((somefunction ... ( ) ...)) # Makepp extension

This will probably be fixed in version 2.1, maybe optionally.

## Minor points

Pattern dependencies don't match phony targets

      %.a: %.b; ...
      $(phony x.b): ; ...         # does not provide a way to build x.a

Comments don't have continuation lines

      # This is \
      NOT a 2-line comment

# Command line incompatibilities

Makepp supports a few of make's more useful command line options. The following, however, are not supported:

-d or --debug
-f -

  Makepp's internal makefile objects are linked to file objects, so it can't handle stdin.

-i
-l or --load-average or --max-load
-m

  Makepp's `-m` option has to do with signature method selection, whereas GNU make ignores -m.

-p or --print-data-base
-q or --question
-R or --no-builtin-variables

  Makepp's `-R` option actually does something completely different.

-S --no-keep-going or --stop

  The `--stop` option stops (puts to sleep) makepp after learning all the rules, so you can continue editing.

-t or --touch
-w or --print-directory

  This happens automatically.

--warn-undefined-variables

Some of these can be easily supported if anyone cares.

# Variable incompatibilities

Makepp looks in `$PATH` for a matching command to return for variables like `$(CC)` or `$(CXX)`, while GNU make has static defaults. Also makepp gives preference to `gcc` and `g++` while surprisingly GNU make returns `cc` for the former, but the same for the latter. You can override these in the makefile, on the command line or by exporting a variable of the same name before invoking makepp.