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<chapter id="chapter_loans">
  <title>Loans</title>

  <para>This chapter explains how to manage your loans with &app;.
  </para>

  <sect1 id="loans_concepts1">
    <title>Basic Concepts</title>

    <para>A loan is defined as a financial transaction in which someone pays for the use of someone
      else&rsquo;s money. There are many familiar examples of loans: credits cards, auto loans,
      house mortgages, or a business loan.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="loans_conceptsterms2">
      <title>Terminology</title>

      <para>Before discussing tracking loan in &app; specifically, it will be helpful to present a glossary of
        terminology. The terms presented below represent some of the basic concepts found concerning
        loans. It is a good idea to become familiar with these terms, or at least, refer back to
        this list if you encounter an unfamiliar word in the later sections.
      </para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Amortization</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>The repayment plan which will insure that a loan is eventually paid off, typically utilizing equal
              valued monthly payments. These payments are usually split into principal and interest,
              where the amount of principal per payment increases (and interest decreases) as the
              amortization period elapses.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>Borrower</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>The person or company that receives the money from a loan.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>Default</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>The time when a borrower fails to repay a loan according to the terms agreed upon with the lender.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>Deferment</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>A temporary delay in the repayment of a loan.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>Delinquency</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>It is the term that refers to late payments.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>Disbursement</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>An amount of the loan paid to the borrower. Some loans have multiple disbursements, meaning the
              borrower does not receive the full amount of the loan at one time.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>Interest</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>The expense charged by the lender to the borrower for the use of the money loaned. This is typically
              expressed in terms of a yearly percentage charged on the principal borrowed, known as
              the <emphasis>Annual Percentage Rate</emphasis> or <acronym>APR</acronym>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>Lender</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>The company or person who lends money to a borrower.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>Loan Fee</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>A processing fee removed from the principal at the time the borrower receives a loan.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>Principal</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>The original amount of the loan, or the amount of the original loan that is still owed. When you
              make a monthly payment on a loan, part of the money pays the interest, and part pays
              the principal.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>Promissory Note</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>The legal agreement between the borrower and lender concerning the loan.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="loans_accounts1">
    <title>Setting Up Accounts</title>

    <para>When a borrower obtains a loan, it is usually with the intention to make a purchase of something of
      value. In fact, most loans require the borrower to buy some predetermined asset, such as a
      house. This asset is insurance against the borrower defaulting on the loan. There are, of
      course, examples of loans which do not necessarily have an associated high value asset, such
      as educational loans.
    </para>

    <para>For the account structure presented here, we will assume the loan was used to purchase a
      compensating asset.
    </para>

    <para>A loan is a liability, the interest you accrue on the loan is an on-going expense, and any
      administrative fees you may have to pay would be another expense. The thing purchased with the
      money from a loan is an asset. With these parameters, we can now present a basic loan account
      structure:
    </para>

    <bridgehead>
      Basic Loan Account Structure
    </bridgehead>
<screen>
-Asset
    -Current Assets
        -Saving
    -Fixed Assets
        -Asset Purchased
-Liability
   -Loans
       -Mortgage Loan
-Expenses
   -Interest
       -Mortgage Interest
   -Mortgage Adm Fees</screen>
    <para>&app; has a number of predefined loan account hierarchies available, including Car Loans and Home
      Mortgage Loans. To access these predefined account structures, click on <menuchoice>
        <guimenu>Actions</guimenu><guimenuitem>New Account Hierarchy...</guimenuitem>
      </menuchoice> and select the loan types in which you are interested.
    </para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="loans_calcs1">
    <title>Calculations</title>

    <para>Determining loan amortization schedules, periodic payment amounts, total payment value, or interest
      rates can be somewhat complex. To help facilitate these kinds of calculations, &app; has a
      built-in <guilabel>Loan Repayment Calculator</guilabel>. To access the calculator, go to <menuchoice>
        <guimenu>Tools</guimenu> <guimenuitem>Loan Repayment Calculator</guimenuitem>
      </menuchoice>.
    </para>

    <screenshot id="loans_fcalc">
      <mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="figures/loans_fcalc.png" format="PNG"
                     srccredit="Bengt Thuree" />
        </imageobject>

        <textobject>
          <phrase>Loan Repayment Calculator</phrase>
        </textobject>

        <caption>
          <para>The &app; <guilabel>Loan Repayment Calculator</guilabel>.
          </para>
        </caption>
      </mediaobject>
    </screenshot>

    <para>The <guilabel>Loan Repayment Calculator</guilabel> can be used to calculate any one of the
      parameters: <guilabel>Payment Periods</guilabel>, <guilabel>Interest Rate</guilabel>,
      <guilabel>Present Value</guilabel>, <guilabel>Periodic Payment</guilabel>, or <guilabel>Future
      Value</guilabel> given that the other 4 have been defined. You will also need to specify the
      compounding and payment methods.
    </para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>Payment Periods</term>

        <listitem>
          <para>The number of payment periods.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>Interest Rate</term>

        <listitem>
          <para>The nominal interest rate of the loan, i.e., the yearly interest rate.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>Present Value</term>

        <listitem>
          <para>The present value of the loan, i.e., current amount owed on the loan.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>Periodic Payment</term>

        <listitem>
          <para>The amount to pay per period.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>Future Value</term>

        <listitem>
          <para>The future value of the loan, i.e., the amount owed after all payment periods are over.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>Compounding</term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Two interest compounding methods exist, discrete or continuous. For discrete compounding select the
            compounding frequency from the popup menu with a range from yearly to daily.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>Payments</term>

        <listitem>
          <para>The popup menu allows you to select the payment frequency with a range from yearly to daily. You can
            also select whether your payments occur at the beginning or end of the period. Payments
            made at the beginning of the payment period have interest applied to the payment as well
            as any previous money paid or money still owed.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <sect2 id="loans_calcsexample1_2">
      <title>Example: Monthly Payments</title>

      <para>What is your monthly payment on a $100,000 30 year loan at a fixed rate of 4% compounded monthly?
      </para>

      <para>This scenario is shown in the example image above. To perform this calculation, set
        <guilabel>Payment Periods</guilabel> to <userinput>360</userinput> (12 months x 30 years),
        <guilabel>Interest Rate</guilabel> to <userinput>4</userinput>, <guilabel>Present
        Value</guilabel> to <userinput>100000</userinput>, leave <guilabel>Periodic
        Payment</guilabel> empty and set <guilabel>Future Value</guilabel> to
        <userinput>0</userinput> (you do not want to owe anything at the end of the loan).
        <guilabel>Compounding</guilabel> is Monthly, <guilabel>Payments</guilabel> are Monthly,
        assume End of Period Payments, and Discrete Compounding. Now, click on the
        <guibutton>Calculate</guibutton> button next to the Periodic Payment area. You should see
        $<computeroutput>-477.42</computeroutput>.
      </para>

      <para>Answer: You must make monthly payments of 477.42.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="loans_calcsexample2_2">
      <title>Example: Length of Loan</title>

      <para>How long will you be paying back a $20,000 loan at 10% fixed rate interest compounded monthly if you
        pay $500 per month?
      </para>

      <para>To perform this calculation, leave <guilabel>Payment Periods</guilabel> empty, set
        <guilabel>Interest Rate</guilabel> to <emphasis>10</emphasis>, <guilabel>Present
        Value</guilabel> to <emphasis>20000</emphasis>, <guilabel>Periodic Payment</guilabel> is
        <emphasis>-500</emphasis>, and <guilabel>Future Value</guilabel> is <emphasis>0</emphasis>
        (you do not want to owe anything at the end of the loan). <guilabel>Compounding</guilabel>
        is <emphasis>Monthly</emphasis>, <guilabel>Payments</guilabel> are
        <emphasis>Monthly</emphasis>, assume <guilabel>End</guilabel> of <guilabel>Period</guilabel>
        payments, and <guilabel>Discrete</guilabel> <guilabel>Compounding</guilabel>. Now, click on
        the <guibutton>Calculate</guibutton>. You should see <computeroutput>49</computeroutput> in
        the <guilabel>Payment Periods</guilabel> field.
      </para>

      <para>Answer: You will pay off the loan in 4 years and 1 month (49 months).
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="loans_calcsdetails2">
      <title>Advanced: Calculation Details</title>

      <para>In order to discuss the mathematical formulas used by the <guilabel>Loan Repayment
        Calculator</guilabel>, we first must define some variables.<screen>
 n   == number of payment periods
 %i  == nominal interest rate, NAR, charged
 PV  == Present Value
 PMT == Periodic Payment
 FV  == Future Value
 CF  == Compounding Frequency per year
 PF  == Payment Frequency per year

Normal values for CF and PF are:
   1  == annual
   2  == semi-annual
   3  == tri-annual
   4  == quaterly
   6  == bi-monthly
  12  == monthly
  24  == semi-monthly
  26  == bi-weekly
  52  == weekly
 360  == daily
 365  == daily</screen>
      </para>

      <sect3 id="loans_calcsdetails_i2">
        <title>Converting between nominal and effective interest rate</title>

        <para>When a solution for n, PV, PMT or FV is required, the nominal interest rate (i) must first be
          converted to the effective interest rate per payment period (ieff). This rate, ieff, is
          then used to compute the selected variable. When a solution for i is required, the
          computation produces the effective interest rate (ieff). Thus, we need functions which
          convert from i to ieff, and from ieff to i.
        </para>
<screen>To convert from i to ieff, the following expressions are used:
Discrete Interest:   <emphasis>ieff = (1 + i/CF)^(CF/PF) - 1</emphasis>
Continuous Interest: <emphasis>ieff = e^(i/PF) - 1 = exp(i/PF) - 1</emphasis>

To convert from ieff to i, the following expressions are used:
Discrete Interest:    <emphasis>i = CF*[(1+ieff)^(PF/CF) - 1]</emphasis>
Continuous Interest: <emphasis>i = ln[(1+ieff)^PF]</emphasis></screen>
        <note>
          <para>In the equations below for the financial transaction, all interest rates are the effective interest
            rate, <quote>ieff</quote>. For the sake of brevity, the symbol will be shortened to just
            <quote>i</quote>.
          </para>
        </note>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="loans_calcsdetails_basic2">
        <title>The basic financial equation</title>

        <para>One equation fundamentally links all the 5 variables. This is known as the fundamental financial
          equation:
        </para>
<screen>
<emphasis>PV*(1 + i)^n + PMT*(1 + iX)*[(1+i)^n - 1]/i + FV = 0</emphasis>

  Where: X = 0 for end of period payments, and
         X = 1 for beginning of period payments</screen>
        <para>From this equation, functions which solve for the individual variables can be derived. For a
          detailed explanation of the derivation of this equation, see the comments in the file
          <ulink url="&url-gh-gc-maint;&file-finc;"><filename>&file-finc;</filename></ulink> from
          the &app; source code. The A, B, and C variables are defined first, to make the later
          equations simpler to read.
        </para>
<screen>
<emphasis>A = (1 + i)^n - 1</emphasis>
<emphasis>B = (1 + iX)/i</emphasis>
<emphasis>C = PMT*B</emphasis>

<emphasis>n = ln[(C - FV)/(C + PV)]/ln((1 + i)</emphasis>
<emphasis>PV = -[FV + A*C]/(A + 1)</emphasis>
<emphasis>PMT = -[FV + PV*(A + 1)]/[A*B]</emphasis>
<emphasis>FV = -[PV + A*(PV + C)] </emphasis>

The solution for interest is broken into two cases.
The simple case for when  PMT == 0 gives the solution:
<emphasis>i = [FV/PV]^(1/n) - 1</emphasis>
</screen>
        <para>The case where PMT != 0 is fairly complex and will not be presented here. Rather than involving an
          exactly solvable function, determining the interest rate when PMT !=0 involves an
          iterative process. Please see the <filename>&file-finc;</filename> source file for a
          detailed explanation.
        </para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="loans_calcsdetails_ex2">
        <title>Example: Monthly Payments</title>

        <para>Let&rsquo;s recalculate <xref linkend="loans_calcsexample1_2"/>, this time using the mathematical
          formulas rather than the <guilabel>Loan Repayment Calculator</guilabel>. What is your
          monthly payment on a $100,000 30 year loan at a fixed rate of 4% compounded monthly?
        </para>

        <para>First, let&rsquo;s define the variables: n = (30*12) = 360, PV = 100000, PMT = unknown, FV = 0, i =
          4%=4/100=0.04, CF = PF = 12, X = 0 (end of payment periods).
        </para>

        <para>The second step is to convert the nominal interest rate (i) to the effective interest rate (ieff).
          Since the interest rate is compounded monthly, it is discrete, and we use: ieff = (1 +
          i/CF)^(CF/PF) - 1, which gives ieff = (1 + 0.04/12)^(12/12) - 1, thus ieff = 1/300 =
          0.0033333.
        </para>

        <para>Now we can calculate A and B. A = (1 + i)^n - 1 = (1 + 1/300)^360 - 1 = 2.313498. B = (1 + iX)/i =
          (1 + (1/300)*0)/(1/300) = 300.
        </para>

        <para>With A and B, we can calculate PMT. PMT = -[FV + PV*(A + 1)]/[A*B] = -[0 + 100000*(2.313498 + 1)] /
          [2.313498 * 300] = -331349.8 / 694.0494 = -477.415296 = -477.42.
        </para>

        <para>Answer: You must make monthly payments of 477.42.
        </para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="loans_mortgage1">
    <title>House Mortgage (How-To)</title>

    <para>A house mortgage can be setup using the account structure present in
      <xref linkend="loans_accounts1" />.
    </para>

    <para>As an example, assume you have $60,000 in you Saving account, and you buy a $150,000 house. The
      mortgage is charging 6% APR, and has administrative fees (closing costs, etc) of 3%. You
      decide to put $50,000 down, and thus will need to borrow $103,000, which will give you $100
      after the closing costs are paid (3% of $100,000).
    </para>

    <para>Your accounts before borrowing the money:
    </para>

    <screenshot id="loans_mortgage">
      <mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="figures/loans_mortgage1.png" format="PNG"
                     srccredit="Bengt Thuree" />
        </imageobject>

        <textobject>
          <phrase>Accounts Before Receiving Loan</phrase>
        </textobject>

        <caption>
          <para>Accounts Before Receiving Loan
          </para>
        </caption>
      </mediaobject>
    </screenshot>

    <para>The purchase of the house is recorded with a split transaction in the <emphasis>Assets:Fixed
      Assets:House</emphasis> account, with $50,000 coming from the bank (i.e., your down payment),
      and $100,000 coming from the Mortgage. You can place the $3,000 closing costs in the same
      split, and we increase the house loan to $103,000 to include the closing costs as well.
    </para>

    <para><table>
        <title>Buying a House Split Transaction</title>

        <tgroup cols="3">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                Account
              </entry>

              <entry>
                Increase
              </entry>

              <entry>
                Decrease
              </entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>
                Assets:Fixed Assets:House
              </entry>

              <entry>
                $150,000
              </entry>

              <entry></entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>
                Assets:Current Assets:Bank
              </entry>

              <entry></entry>

              <entry>
                $50,000
              </entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>
                Liabilities:Loans:Mortgage Loan
              </entry>

              <entry></entry>

              <entry>
                $103,000
              </entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>
                Expenses:Mortgage Adm Fees
              </entry>

              <entry>
                $3,000
              </entry>

              <entry></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>
    </para>

    <para>The split will look like this in the <emphasis>Assets:Fixed Assets:House</emphasis> Account:
    </para>

    <screenshot id="loans_mortgage2.png">
      <mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="figures/loans_mortgage2.png" format="PNG"
                     srccredit="Bengt Thuree" />
        </imageobject>

        <textobject>
          <phrase>Mortgage Split Transaction</phrase>
        </textobject>

        <caption>
          <para>Mortgage Split Transaction
          </para>
        </caption>
      </mediaobject>
    </screenshot>

    <para>Which will give a Chart of Accounts like this:
    </para>

    <screenshot id="loans_mortgage3">
      <mediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="figures/loans_mortgage3.png" format="PNG"
                     srccredit="Bengt Thuree" />
        </imageobject>

        <textobject>
          <phrase>Mortgage Accounts</phrase>
        </textobject>

        <caption>
          <para>Mortgage Account
          </para>
        </caption>
      </mediaobject>
    </screenshot>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="loans_CarLoan">
    <title>Automobile Loan (How-To)</title>

    <para>The automobile Loan, or in common terms, car Loan, is treated more or less exactly as the house
      loan. The only difference is different accounts, and different interest rates. The basic car
      loan account structure is as follows:<screen>-Asset
    -Current Assets
        -Saving
    -Fixed Assets
        -Car
-Liability
   -Loans
       -Car Loan
-Expenses
   -Interest
       -Car Loan Interest
   -Car Loan Adm Fees</screen>
    </para>

    <para>For more information, please check <xref
    linkend="loans_mortgage1" />.
    </para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="loans_personalLoanToSomeOne">
    <title>A Personal Loan to a friend (How-To)</title>

    <para>It is not always you are borrowing money from the bank, sometimes you borrow money from your family,
      or perhaps even lend money to a friend. This How-To chapter will describe one way to handle
      lending money to a friend.
    </para>

    <para>We are basing this How-To on the following generic account structure.
    </para>
<screen>
-Asset
   -Bank
        -Bank Account
   -Money owed to you
        -Person
-Income
   -Interest Income
        -Person</screen>
    <para>This example will show how to track a personal loan of 2,000 USD (default currency) to your friend
      Peter.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="loans_personalLoanToSomeOne_loan">
      <title>Loan Specifications</title>

      <para>Peter wants to borrow $2,000 dollars from you and plans to pay you back monthly for the next 18
        months. Since he is your friend, (but not that close) you both agree on a yearly interest
        rate of 5%.
      </para>

      <para>In summary we have the below details. Peter&rsquo;s loan details:<itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Principal Amount - $2,000
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Term - 18 months with 12 payments per year
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Annual Percentage Rate: 5%
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Monthly Payment : ??
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </para>

      <para>So how do you calculate the Monthly Payment?
      </para>

      <para>You have a number of different options, like paper and pen, &lin; Calculator, &app-aoo;/&app-lo;
        Calc module, but the easiest is to use &app; <link linkend="loans_calcs1"><guilabel>Loan
        Repayment Calculator</guilabel></link>. This tells you that the Monthly Payment should be
        $115.56.
      </para>

      <para>But you need to know how much of this is Interest and how much is Principal to be able to do a
        proper bookkeeping. For this you need a more powerful tool, something like the
        <application>Calc</application> module in &app-aoo;/&app-lo;, and in particular the
        <acronym>PMT</acronym> function.
      </para>

      <screenshot id="loans_OpenOfficePrivateLoanDetails">
        <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="figures/loans_PrivateLoanCalculation.png"
                       format="PNG" srccredit="Bengt Thuree" />
          </imageobject>

          <textobject>
            <phrase>Calculation of Private Loan details</phrase>
          </textobject>

          <caption id="loans_OpenOfficePrivateLoanDetails.caption">
            Detailed view over the private loan to Peter
          </caption>
        </mediaobject>
      </screenshot>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="loans_personalLoanToSomeOne_accounts">
      <title>Accounts for the loan</title>

      <para>Let&rsquo;s start with the following accounts. They all have the same currency, in this case USD.<example>
          <title>Accounts for the loan to Peter</title>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <simpara>Assets:Bank:USD
              </simpara>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <simpara>Assets:Money owed to you:Peter
              </simpara>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <simpara>Income:Interest Income:Peter
              </simpara>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <simpara>Equity:Opening Balances:USD
              </simpara>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </example>
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="loans_personalLoanToSomeOne_InitialSetup">
      <title>Lending the money</title>

      <para>When you have lent money to your friend, you have in fact moved money from an Asset account (like
        Bank, Checking or similar) to your Asset account <emphasis>Money owed to you</emphasis>. To
        record this you enter the following transaction into the <emphasis>Assets:Money owed to
        you:Peter</emphasis> account.
      </para>

      <para><table>
          <title>Personal loan to Peter</title>

          <tgroup cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  Account
                </entry>

                <entry>
                  Increase
                </entry>

                <entry>
                  Decrease
                </entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>
                  Assets:Money owed to you:Peter
                </entry>

                <entry>
                  $2,000
                </entry>

                <entry></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>
                  Assets:Bank:USD
                </entry>

                <entry></entry>

                <entry>
                  $2,000
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
      </para>

      <screenshot id="loans_PrivateLoanInitial">
        <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="figures/loans_PrivateLoanInitial.png"
                       format="PNG" srccredit="Bengt Thuree" />
          </imageobject>

          <textobject>
            <phrase>Lended money</phrase>
          </textobject>

          <caption>
            <para>Chart of Accounts after lending money
            </para>
          </caption>
        </mediaobject>
      </screenshot>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="loans_personalLoanToSomeOne_FirstPayment">
      <title>Receiving first payment</title>

      <para>When the first payment ($115.56) is received, you will need to determine how much is for the
        principal loan, and how much is for the loan interest.
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Outstanding loan amount this period = $2,000
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Payment per month = $115.56
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Payment breakdown
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>5%/12 * $2,000 = $8.33 Interest
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>$115.56 - $8.33 = $107.23 Principal
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>This can be translated to the following &app; entry
      </para>

      <screenshot id="loans_PrivateLoanFirstPayment">
        <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="figures/loans_PrivateLoanFirstPayment.png"
                       format="PNG" srccredit="Bengt Thuree" />
          </imageobject>

          <textobject>
            <phrase>First payment</phrase>
          </textobject>

          <caption>
            <para>Detailed view over first payment
            </para>
          </caption>
        </mediaobject>
      </screenshot>

      <para>The balance on Peter&rsquo;s loan is now $2,000 - $107.23 = $1,892.77.
      </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="loans_personalLoanToSomeOne_SecondPayment">
      <title>Receiving second payment</title>

      <para>When the second payment ($115.56) is received, you will again need to determine how much is for the
        principal loan, and how much is for the loan interest.
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Outstanding loan amount this period = $1,892.77
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Payment per month = $115.56
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Payment breakdown
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>5%/12 * $1,892.77 = $7.89 Interest
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>$115.56 - $7.89 = $107.67 Principal
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>This can be translated to the following &app; entry.
      </para>

      <screenshot id="loans_PrivateLoanSecondPayment">
        <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="figures/loans_PrivateLoanSecondPayment.png"
                       format="PNG" srccredit="Bengt Thuree" />
          </imageobject>

          <textobject>
            <phrase>Second payment</phrase>
          </textobject>

          <caption>
            <para>Detailed view over the second payment
            </para>
          </caption>
        </mediaobject>
      </screenshot>

      <para>The balance on Peter&rsquo;s loan is now $1,892.77 - $107.67 = $1,785.10.
      </para>

      <para>The Chart of accounts looks now like this:
      </para>

      <screenshot id="loans_PrivateLoanSecondPaymentAccounts">
        <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="figures/loans_PrivateLoanSecondPaymentAccounts.png"
                       format="PNG" srccredit="Bengt Thuree" />
          </imageobject>

          <textobject>
            <phrase>Chart of Accounts after second payment</phrase>
          </textobject>

          <caption>
            Chart of Accounts after second payment
          </caption>
        </mediaobject>
      </screenshot>

      <para>As you can see, the interest varies for every month, as well as the principal amount. So for every
        payment you receive you need to calculate the proper amounts for your various split entries.
      </para>

      <para>The interest amount will be less and less for every payment (since it is calculated on a smaller
        loan amount all the time), until the last payment where it is more or less 0. Please review
        <link linkend="loans_OpenOfficePrivateLoanDetails" endterm="loans_OpenOfficePrivateLoanDetails.caption" />
        for more details.
      </para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="loans_Reconciling">
    <title>Reconciling with the Loan Statements (How-To)</title>

    <para>Reconciling a loan statement is no different from reconciling a bank or credit card statement.
    </para>

    <para>During the period you should have recorded all the various loan related transactions, and every one
      of them are touching the <guilabel>Liability:Loans:<replaceable>Loan</replaceable></guilabel>
      account. For instance, paying off a bit of the loan decreases your <emphasis>Bank
      Account</emphasis> and <emphasis>Loan account</emphasis>, and increases the <emphasis>Loan
      Interest</emphasis> as well as perhaps <emphasis>Loan administration fee</emphasis>.
    </para>

    <para>With the loan statement in your hands, open the Loan account, start the reconcile assistant, and
      tick of all the various transaction you have recorded. When you have finished, the reconciling
      difference should be 0, and if it is not, then you will have to go through the account and
      compare it with the loan statement to find the difference. When you have reached a 0 in
      difference, then your loan account is reconciled and you can finish the Reconcile assistant.
    </para>

    <para>For more information on how to Reconcile, please check <xref
    linkend="txns-reconcile1" />.
    </para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Selling a house or a car (How-To)</title>

    <para>When you will record the selling of your house in &app; you have some different options. Here we
      will go through two of them, one in which you only recorded the purchase amount, and now the
      selling amount. The other where you have followed the ups and downs on the property market and
      registered various Unrealized gains over the time.
    </para>

    <sect2>
      <title>Simple Transaction</title>

      <para>In this way you only record the proper sale amount.
      </para>

      <para>Let&rsquo;s work through two samples of selling a house, one with a profit, and one with a loss. If
        you want to sell a car instead, just substitute the house account with a car account.
      </para>

      <para><screen>
-Assets
  -Fixed Assets
    -House
  -Current Assets
    -Saving
-Income
  -Capital Gains Long
    -House</screen>
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>You bought a house for $300,000 once upon a time, and now managed to sell it for $600,000. How do
            you record this?
          </para>

          <para>To record this you need to increase your Saving account with the $600,000, and decrease some other
            accounts with $600,000. The house account only contains $300,000 which is what you
            bought it for, so you move this amount to your Saving account. That means you are
            lacking $300,000. This amount you fetch from the <emphasis>Income:Capital Gains
            Long:House</emphasis> account. The split transaction you enter into your
            <emphasis>Saving</emphasis> account (<emphasis>Assets:Current Assets:Saving</emphasis>)
            should look like this.
          </para>

          <para><table>
              <title>Selling an asset (house) with a profit</title>

              <tgroup cols="3">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      Account
                    </entry>

                    <entry>
                      Increase
                    </entry>

                    <entry>
                      Decrease
                    </entry>
                  </row>

                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      Assets:Current Assets:Saving
                    </entry>

                    <entry>
                      $600,000
                    </entry>

                    <entry></entry>
                  </row>

                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      Assets:Fixed Assets:House
                    </entry>

                    <entry></entry>

                    <entry>
                      $300,000
                    </entry>
                  </row>

                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      Income:Capital Gains Long:House
                    </entry>

                    <entry></entry>

                    <entry>
                      $300,000
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </table>
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>You bought a house for $300,000 once upon a time, but due to a newly created airport, could only
            sell it for $230,000. How do you record this?
          </para>

          <para>To record this you need to increase your Saving account with the $230,000, and decrease some other
            accounts with $230,000. The house account contains $300,000 which is more than what you
            sold it for. So let&rsquo;s move $230,000 of it to your Saving account. After this you
            have $70,000 remaining in your house account which needs to be removed. You move it to
            our <emphasis>Income:Capital Gains Long:House</emphasis> account, which will indicate a
            loss. The split transaction you enter into your <emphasis>house</emphasis> account
            (<emphasis>Assets:Fixed Assets:House</emphasis>) should look like this.
          </para>

          <para><table>
              <title>Selling an asset (house) with a loss</title>

              <tgroup cols="3">
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      Account
                    </entry>

                    <entry>
                      Increase
                    </entry>

                    <entry>
                      Decrease
                    </entry>
                  </row>

                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      Assets:Fixed Assets:House
                    </entry>

                    <entry></entry>

                    <entry>
                      $300,000
                    </entry>
                  </row>

                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      Assets:Current Assets:Saving
                    </entry>

                    <entry>
                      $230,000
                    </entry>

                    <entry></entry>
                  </row>

                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      Income:Capital Gains Long:House
                    </entry>

                    <entry>
                      $70,000
                    </entry>

                    <entry></entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </table>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>A More Complex Transaction</title>

      <para>In this example, we will touch a little on some more complicated accounting principles. For more
        details on this subject, please check <xref linkend="chapter_capgain"></xref>.
      </para>

      <para>Here we will only touch on the case when you have accurately estimated the current value of your
        house. For the other cases (over-, and under-estimated), please check
        <xref linkend="chapter_capgain"></xref>.
      </para>

      <para><screen>
-Assets
    -Fixed Assets
        -House
            -Cost
            -Unrealized Gain
    -Current Assets
        -Saving
-Income
    -Realized Gain
        -House
    -Unrealized Gain
        -House</screen>
      </para>

      <para>You bought a house for $300,000 once upon a time, and over the years kept a close look on the market
        and updated your records with the estimated current value of your house. At the time you
        want to sell it, you have determined that the current market value is $600,000.
      </para>

      <para>The difference between $600,000 (estimated market value) and $300,000 (purchase value) is the
        current Unrealized Gain value. Therefore you have a total of $300,000 in your
        <emphasis>Assets:Fixed Assets:House:Unrealized Gain</emphasis> account
      </para>

      <para>How do you record this sell transaction?
      </para>

      <para>To record this you need to increase your Saving account with the $600,000, and decrease some other
        accounts with $600,000. You must first change from unrealized gain to realized gain for your
        <emphasis>Income</emphasis> accounts. Lastly you need to transfer the full amounts from the
        <emphasis>Assets:Fixed Assets:House</emphasis> sub-accounts.
      </para>

      <para>The transaction you enter into your <emphasis>Income:Realized Gain:House</emphasis> account should
        look like this.
      </para>

      <para><table>
          <title>Selling an asset (house) with a profit</title>

          <tgroup cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  Account
                </entry>

                <entry>
                  Increase
                </entry>

                <entry>
                  Decrease
                </entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>
                  Income:Realized Gain:House
                </entry>

                <entry>
                  $300,000
                </entry>

                <entry></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>
                  Income:Unrealized Gain:House
                </entry>

                <entry></entry>

                <entry>
                  $300,000
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
      </para>

      <para>The transaction you enter into your <emphasis>Assets:Current Assets:Saving</emphasis> account should
        look like this.
      </para>

      <para><table>
          <title>Selling an asset (house) with a profit 2</title>

          <tgroup cols="3">
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  Account
                </entry>

                <entry>
                  Increase
                </entry>

                <entry>
                  Decrease
                </entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>
                  Assets:Current Assets:Saving
                </entry>

                <entry>
                  $600,000
                </entry>

                <entry></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>
                  Assets:Fixed Assets:House:Cost
                </entry>

                <entry></entry>

                <entry>
                  $300,000
                </entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>
                  Assets:Fixed Assets:House:Unrealized Gain
                </entry>

                <entry></entry>

                <entry>
                  $300,000
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>
      </para>

      <para>After having recorded these transactions you see that your House Asset have a value of 0, your
        Saving account have increased with $600,000, and lastly, the <emphasis>Income:Realized
        Gain</emphasis> have increased to $300,000.
      </para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>
<!--
  <sect1 id="loans_missing1">
    <title>Missing Loan Documentation</title>
<screen>
 -Entering a Payment Schedule
     -Monthly Payments (How-To)
       -See the Mortgage assistant
        -ARM 10/1 means 10 year fixed interest rate, then changes every year
        -ARM 10/3 means 10 year fixed interest rate, then changes every third year
     -Final Payment (How-To)
       -Same as a normal payment, but you get the figures from the bank
       -How to fix 10 amortization and then a final bulk payment setup?

 -Putting It All Together</screen>
  </sect1>
-->
</chapter>
